The Life and Contribution to the Development of the British Empire of J

The Life and Contribution to the Development of the British Empire of James Cook I) Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose of this paper is to describe the life and the contribution to the development of the British Empire of one of the most important English explorers. It was in the second half of the 18th century when James Cook, originally a poor farm boy, explored and mapped vast uncharted areas of the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean. However, James Cook was not ‘only’ an explorer. He can also be called a scientist – he managed to introduce new principles into seafaring and cartography. For better understanding, the paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which throws light on the purpose and structure of the paper. The second chapter is a brief introduction to the situation in Great Britain in the 18th century. It helps to explain why and how the so called â€Å"the First British Empire† was built up and later destroyed, and what led to the creation of â€Å"the Second British Empire†. The third chapter deals with Capt. Cook’s life and his three unique expeditions to the Pacific. The fourth part of the paper summarises Cook’s achievements and his contribution to the development of the British Empire. The fifth chapter forms the conclusion of the paper. II) A brief introduction to the situation in Great Britain in the 18th century. Great Britain became a great world power in this period. Under the leadership of William Pitt the Elder, Britain’s Prime Minister and at the same time a man who believed that the strength of the nation's economy depended on overseas expansion, the country gained vast territories all over the world and the so called â€Å"the First British Empire† was founded. The reasons why Great Britain was so successful can be divided into four groups: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Revolutions† – the Industrial Revolution, a financial revolution and a revolution in agriculture made Britain the leading power in Europe. The creation of the Bank of England in 1694 helped to raise capital for colonial wars and to support British trade. At the beginning of the 18th century a series of mechanical inventions enabled the building of the world's first mechanised factories. A steam engine invented in1769 provided the power to drive machinery and thus enabled mass production of goods. The new ways of making products more quick... .... Impà ©rium. Praha: BB art, 1999 CD-ROM: Encarta 98 encyclopedia. „Cook, Captain James.â€Å" Microsoft. CD-ROM.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Microsoft Item: X03-22823 Web sites: http://152.105.19.10/scouts/nunthorp/seeonee/badgewk/history http://www.britannia.com/history. http://freespace.virgin.net/chris.jones/ccsu72.htm http://freespace.virgin.net/chris.jones/ccsu73.htm http://geography.about.com/science/geography/library/weekly/aa101397.htm http://mmbc.bc.ca/source/schoolnet/exploration/cookdeath.html http://members.tripod.com/cuculus/cookbio.html http://winthrop.webjump.com/jcook.html http://www2.lucidcafe.com/lucidcafe/library/95oct/jcook.html http://www.arcticculture.about.com/culture/arcticculture/library/yafeatu res/bl-Cook1.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/archive/voyager/history/hs_cook.shtml http://www.captaincookstudyunit.com http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/7557/cook.html http://www.jetcity.com/~kirok/cook.htm http://www.lib.virginia.edu/exhibits/lewis_clark/ch4-25.html http://www.mariner.org/age/cook.html http://www.nmm.ac.uk/education/fact_cook.html http://www.pacificcoast.net/~regent/cookbio.html http://www.south-pole.com/p0000071.htm

Farm Girl

Christina Anderson Mr. Kingsley Eng105 1 February 2012 Life Lessons from the Farm Jessica Hemauer’s essay, â€Å"Farm Girl,† tells her life story of living on a farm through her eyes as ten-year-old child to the time of her early adulthood. The purpose of this piece is to teach the importance of life's responsibilities to children, mainly female, and young adults who may not be familiar with the challenges life can bring and to promote the benefits you can gain by overcoming those obstacles.Hemauer uses pathos, which appeals to emotion, logos, designed to engage our logic, and ethos, to prove its credibility, to convey that though growing up on a family farm was a struggle day-to-day, it was valuable life lesson because it shaped her into the well-rounded and hard working person she is today. The essay opens with Hemauer’s with the immediate use of pathos to capture the audience’s emotions and to gain their sympathy towards Jessica. This is seen in the fir st sentence, when she is begrudgingly awakened by her alarm clock, â€Å"BEEP!BEEP! BEEP! It’s 5:00 a. m. My eyes are heavy with sleep and struggle to open†(83). Hemauer uses specific words to achieve ethos, such as, â€Å"heavy† and â€Å"struggle† to convey that, at age ten, she was already faced with tremendous responsibility and commitment everyday, when she heard the sound of her alarm clock. The use of â€Å"5:00 a. m. † also is used to attain sympathy because, in most cases, five in the morning would bring about a sense of disdain at any age, which can then relate back to Hemauer’s audience.Hemauer wants the young readers to attain that sympathy while reading the story so that they may reflect on their own lives and recognize the privileges they have, such as, not having to wake up at five in the morning everyday, and be grateful for them. Hamauer continues with her use of pathos to awaken the readers of the true struggle and difficul ty that is attached to being a young person with responsibilities. While walking down the stairs, in a sleepy daze, to get to the barn, Jessica is startled awake when the door opens to, â€Å"a brisk and bitter wind accompanied by icy snowflakes that feel like needles digging into our faces†(83).The language that Hemauer uses in this citation, specifically, â€Å"bitter,† â€Å"icy,† and â€Å"needles digging into,† evokes complete sympathy for this young girl. It also affects the audience with a twinge of pain due to the imagery describing the bitter cold and the fact that she must endure it. Jessica Hemauer is able to appeal to both pathos and logos in her writing as well. This is shown after the children reach the barn and begin to work on their chores. Jessica’s job is to feed the newborn calves, she indicates, â€Å"Because I am the youngest in the family, this is my favorite chore because I rarely have a chance to look after someone†¦Ã¢ € (84).The sense of pathos is obtained in this quotation because Hemauer uses certain words, such as, â€Å"favorite chore† and â€Å"rarely† to attain sympathy from the reader, by portraying that she was deprived and that she seeked enjoyment from her â€Å"favorite chore. † For a child or young adult who does not have day to day responsibilities, such as chores, they would view this with a sense of gratitude for the lifestyle that they have. This statement also gives a sense of logos because it is a cause and effect situation.Hemauer states that because she is the youngest, she rarely has the chance to look after others. This would make sense to Hemauer audience do to their age demographic. The young readers could view themselves in a similar situation by not be trusted with great responsibility due to their age. Though Jessica Hemauer appeals to pathos in her writing, she also addresses logos as well. For example, when Jessica considers being more involved in her school she realizes there is no possible way, by stating, â€Å"If I join a club that practices after school, I can’t participate.If I join a club that meets before school, I can’t attend meetings†(85). Hemauer uses logos in this specific case to clearly address the predicament that Jessica struggles with when it comes to responsibility and personal preference. This may be difficult for her audience to understand because, most likely, children or young adults that have had the privilege of growing up without having to make these sorts of decisions could not relate. Most often then not, the only thing that children have is free time.This further proves the author’s purpose for this essay because it demonstrates to children or young adults with less responsibility that, when it comes down to it, you will have to make the sacrifice of what you want for the responsibilities that you already have. Furthermore, Hemauer uses logos later in her essay, to explain some of the benefits of having a large amount of responsibility at such a young age. This is shown when she is reflecting on her past experiences and how they have helped her today, by saying, â€Å"I have always had a challenging amount of responsibility, and I have learned to complete tasks in a timely fashion†(86).The audience will view this as a challenge and a possible goal to set for themselves by seeing her accomplishments due to her initial struggle, further proving the author’s purpose for this piece. This aids to Hemauer’s ethos as well because she is proof, as an author, as to how time management and responsibility has shaped and benefited her. Hemauer’s â€Å"Farm Girl† is a reputable source for ethos due to the fact that it is an autobiographical essay. Hemauer is telling the audience the story of her memoir based true occurrences that happened in her life on her family farm.These events describe the endeavors she faced and the accomplishments she obtained due to the effort that she put forth everyday from a young age till now, as a successful author. Though the target audience for this piece may experience difficulty relating specifically to certain events, such as, walking a half a mile in a blizzard to reach barn to milk cows, they understand what it is like to be a child and what they desire. They know from reading â€Å"Farm Girl† that Hemauer did not always enjoy life on the farm but in the end, it made her a stronger person.Hemauer truly practices what she preaches, which demonstrates a great source of trust and ethos towards her readers. Jessica Hemauer displays ethos within â€Å"Farm Girl† as well by showing credible and believable sources within the story. An example of this can be found at the end of the essay, when Jessica’s Boss is paying her a compliment by asking where he can find more people like herself; her response is, â€Å"Try hiring some farm girls. I hear they turn out pretty good†(87). Within this statement, the audience can come to the conclusion that Jessica Hemauer’s work shows good example of ethos due to the inclusion of the bosses’ question.The ethos that forms from that statement is telling the audience that due to the fact that she is a hardworking, determined, and successful worker, she did not need to tell us that she is good; she can have the support of others to tell her she is instead. In conclusion, Jessica Hemauer’s essay, â€Å"Farm Girl,† is an inspiration towards those who may not be burden by great responsibility at a young age. Hemauer achieves this through her use of pathos, by indicating her past struggles through a sense of sympathy, and by doing so, she is able to reach out to the audience.The author was a success through her indication of logos by presenting her logical analysis towards Jessica’s time management predicament. Lastly, Hemauer not only indicated the use of e thos with her essay, by giving the audience a credible source to trust, being an autobiographical piece, but the audience knows that the essay is credible and believable due to the examples she presents within the essay. The combination of these three elements makes â€Å"Farm Girl† an influential essay that teaches the lesson that hard work really does pay off in the end.

Drugs And Substances In Sonnys Blues By James Baldwin

The short story, â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, is about a man, the narrator and his brother, Sonny, and his returning from prison after selling and battling with heroin. Written by James Baldwin, the story takes place in Harlem, and throughout, there are certain settings that make the narrator feel a particular way. When the narrator encounters Sonny’s old friend, witnesses a revival, and recalls the story of the death of his each draw out different emotions. As a high school teacher, the narrator often sees many young boys and girls who went through a lot of the same things they experienced. Something that was frequently found around the schools they attended was drugs and drug addicts. This is how Sonny was introduced to drugs. After a long six and†¦show more content†¦He notices a woman in the crowd â€Å"[smoking] a cigarette between he heavy, chapped lips, her hair a cuckoo’s nest, her face scarred and swollen from many beatings† (Baldwin 108) . This woman is conversing with the woman with the tambourine and the narrator points out that they addressed each other say â€Å"Sister†. From this, the narrator believes that the women know that while one is a church-goer and the other faces challenges at home, possibly domestic abuse, they are not that different from one another. Even Sonny if affected by the revival. Sonny says, â€Å"her voice reminded me for a minute of what heroin feels like sometimes† (Baldwin 109). The enjoyment Sonny finds in the music gives him a sort of high, as he describes. This scene is an example of symbolism. Sonny is a troubled man, who has recently gotten out of prison and taken a completely different path than his brother, however, his brother realizes that they are not that different. They both have experienced death, the rough neighborhoods of Harlem, love their family and just want what is best for one another. When Sonny returns back to his brother house, the two share an intim ate moment where Sonny explains how drugs made him feel, physically and emotionally. From the beginning of the revival, to the end of the conversation with his brother, the narrator has a new-found understanding for Sonny’s actions. Throughout Sonny’s adolescent, he and his father argued many times. TheShow MoreRelatedAdversity In Sonnys Blues By James Baldwin892 Words   |  4 PagesJames Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† utilizes race, poverty, stereotypes, and adversity to shine a light on the struggle to escape circumstance. Throughout the text, Baldwin describes the hardships leaching the life out of Harlem’s black community from the narrator’s perspective. Sonny, the narrator’s brother, struggles with his identity and ability to feel emotion leading him to the world of music and drugs, â€Å"To be aware of oneself, Baldwin believes, is to feel a sense of loss, to know where we are andRead MoreJames Baldwin s Sonny s Blues1 452 Words   |  6 PagesJames Baldwin’s Sonny’s Blues is a short story that, for some people, could be considered a challenging read. Not because of the level of difficulty, but for the fact that it shares a lot of human angst. However, Baldwin’s story still manages to be entertaining, as well as holding many life lessons in it. Baldwin’s story teaches lessons such as; dealing with suffering, being supportive, and accepting differences. James Baldwin’s Sonny’s Blues does a noble job of relating to the readers on variousRead MoreJames BaldwinS Sonnys Blues713 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Harrisons Blues There can be little doubt that the characters who are the most similar in James Baldwins short story Sonnys Blues, and in Kurt Vonnegut Jr.s short story Harrison Bergeron, are the title characters of each respective work. They both embody conceptions of youth within each story Sonny as the younger brother of the nameless narrator in Baldwins tale, and Bergeron as the son of the George and Hazel Bergeron. In their own way, each is antisocial and engage in practices thatRead MoreBiblical and Religious Themes in Sonnys Blues Essay1269 Words   |  6 PagesJames Baldwin’s short story, â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† is the authors most studied and critically analyzed piece of literature. The majority of these analyses focus on the obvious themes of the book such as jazz music, the unnamed narrator, or the rift that divides Sonny and his brother. Little critique has ever gone into the biblical and religious themes that run throughout the story of â€Å"Sonny’s Blues.â €  Furthermore, it is even more astonishing that there is little critique given Baldwin has such a strongRead MoreAddiction And Recovery : Sonny s Blues By James Baldwin Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesSonny’s Addiction and Recovery Addiction and recovery is difficult for everyone involved in the abusers life. Friends, family, and co-workers are affected by the struggle of the abuser. In â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin, the story focuses on the struggle of addiction and recovery, and how his family and friends struggle to help him through his addiction. This is a serious issue in today’s society due to the psychology affect addiction has on everyone. There are many reasons a person starts toRead MoreAnalysis Of Those Winter Sundays By Baldwin Sonny s Blues And Grimm Brothers 1763 Words   |  8 PagesSadighim,Candice English 2 Cramer 3 November 2015 Conflict and reconciliation in familial relationships in Literature Hayden’s ‘Those Winter Sundays’, Baldwin’ Sonny s blues and Grimm brothers’ Cinderella describes certain sensitive situations most families sometimes find themselves in when disagreeing on diverse issues that can be resolved when parties are determined to. In these pieces of literature, family conflicts are portrayed as simple disagreements that in certain cases result in familyRead More Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis and James Baldwins Sonnys Blues 1819 Words   |  8 Pagesthat lead to the development of an individual’s identity. Franz Kafka’s â€Å"The Metamorphosis† illustrates an extreme change in Gregor Samsa’s external identity and the overall outward effect it has on the development of his family. While James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† illustrates a young man struggling to find his identity while being pushed around by what society and his family wants him to be. Both of these characters exhibit an underlying struggle of alienation but both also demonstrate a cravingRead MoreDrug Addiction : The Pain And Despair Of Inner Cities1904 Words   |  8 PagesDrug Addiction: The Pain and Despair of Inner Cities Drug addiction has been a destructive element in American society for many decades. It saw a considerable upswing in the 1950 s spreading rapidly through many major US cities. Prior to its infestation of affluent suburban neighborhoods in the 60 s and 70 s, it was associated with low-income neighborhoods striking out the poor despondent underclass. Its rapid spread found its way into the consciousness of the media including many well-known literary

Eleanor Roosevelt An American Diplomat - 886 Words

Eleanor Roosevelt, whose full name was Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, was born on the 11th of October in 1884 in the city of New York and passed away on the 7th of November in 1962 in Manhattan, New York. Roosevelt was born to Elliot Roosevelt and Anna Call Roosevelt. Roosevelt was known for being an American diplomat, humanitarian, and first lady. Roosevelt served as first lady in 1933-1945, she was the wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt who served as the 32nd president. During Roosevelt’s time, she was one of world’s most appreciated and influential women. (Encyclopedia Britannica) While growing up, Roosevelt and her living brother were raised by their grandmother due to both her parents passing before she turned ten years old. When Roosevelt was living with her grandmother, she was homeschooled until the age of fifteen. Then Roosevelt enrolled in a school in England called Allenswood. Roosevelt returned home at the age of eighteen. While being back home, she joined the Junior League, became involved in social service work, and taught at the Rivington Street Settlement House. (Encyclopedia Britannica) In 1905, Roosevelt married her distant cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The Roosevelt’s had six children, one of whom passed away as an infant. Roosevelt became active in public service during World War I, where she worked for the American Red Cross and volunteered work in Navy hospitals. In 1921 her husband Franklin had suffered a polio attack, thus causing Eleanor to step forward andShow MoreRelatedEleanor Roosevelt : Women s Rights1074 Words   |  5 PagesEleanor Roosevelt was born on October 11, 1884 and died on November 7, 1962. She was an activist, diplomat, and American politician. She was the longest serving First Lady. She was one of the most powerful women in American. She was the wife of Franklin D, Roosevelt and an outspoken person on women s rights. She was considered one of the best politicians from the 1920’s to the 1940’s. Therefore, she was one of the most influential women in U.S. history. Eleanor Roosevelt’s father and mother bothRead More Eleanor Roosevelt Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pages Eleanor Roosevelt was a honest person who had responsibility and compassion towards her husband , family and her fellow man, whatever their social status. She used great citizenship and initiative actions in dealing with anyone who was fortunate enough to make her acquaintance. Eleanor Roosevelt is an outspoken advocate of social justice. During the years she has taken over a lot of responsibility. For someone who spent thefirst third of her life as shy and timid, she showed great courageRead MoreFranklin Delano Roosevelt And President Wilson1621 Words   |  7 PagesFranklin Delano Roosevelt was born January 30th, 1882, in New York. FDR was the only child of a wealthy family who made their fortune in the real estate business. In 1900 Roosevelt attended Harvard University. During his time at Harvard, FDR joined the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity, became the news editor for the Harvard and became engaged to his future wife Eleanor Roosevelt. He did all of this while also graduating in just three years. After attending Harvard, Roosevelt went to school at ColumbiaRead MoreMargaret Sanger And Eleanor Roosevelt2159 Words   |  9 PagesI. Introduction. There are many remarkable personalities in our history, which made revolutionary changes in women’s lives. Two of them were Margaret Sanger and Eleanor Roosevelt. They contributed immensely to change the women’s fates and lives and to position them equally with men. Margaret Sanger was born in 1879, in Corning, New York; she was sixth of eleven children of Michel Higgins, an Irish Catholic stonecutter, and religious Anne Purcell Higgins. Her mother went through eighteen pregnanciesRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt And The New Deal1827 Words   |  8 PagesJahdiel Evans April 18, 2017 History 1302 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal Throughout the history of our great nation, certain presidents have been known to stand out from the rest. These prominent leaders are well known for their lasting, if not positive, impact on American society. One such president that fits this category is Franklin D. Roosevelt. In Allan M. Winkler’s biography Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Making of Modern America, the author provides an in-depth examination of Roosevelt’sRead MoreEleanor Roosevelt as a Campaigner for Human Rights3559 Words   |  15 Pagesabout Eleanor Roosevelt, a person that not a lot of people now as a human rights activist. The reason behind this decision is that Eleanor was a strong, independent woman, fighting for the rights of others in the time when even women themselves had to fight for a better position in society. 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Moreover, as women were facing harsh criticism for being the provider of the household while men tried to look for work and take back their role of being the earner of the family, Franklin Roosevelt became the new president in 1933. Franklin Roosevelt promised a New Deal, which was number of things involving the social liberal programs to pass in the U.S.A (Cole Lee, 2004). This New deal had agencies that gave jobs to mainly men excluding women. This proves that evenRead MoreWilliam Wallace And The Scottish Knight Essay992 Words   |  4 Pageswas tarnished. He then later resigned his guardianship. He turned his title over to Robert the Bruce, whom Wallace had never met, contrary to the (almost) historically accurate William Wallace movie, â€Å"Braveheart.† Wallace had decided to serve as a diplomat instead. Using his new title to his advantage as best as he could, he attempted to gain support from the French. He was successful in the beginning, but the French had eventually betrayed the Scots. This forced Scottish leaders to surrender to theRead MoreGeorge Washington s President Of The United States2433 Words   |  10 Pagesbut he already had his mind made up. His successor John Adams continued to follow in George Washington’s footsteps and only served two terms. This started a tradition where Presidents generally only serve as Chief of State, Chief Executive, Chief Diplomat, Commander-In-Chief, Chief Legislator, Chief of Party, and Economic Planner of a maximum of eight years. In present day (2015) there have been forty-three presidents in the United States, (forty-four if you count Grover Cleveland twice from his two

The Puppet Playground Children With Disabilities

The Puppet Playground 3 Historically, children born with disabilities were isolated, excluded and dependent on other people. Families would have feelings of shame and guilt giving birth to a child with a disability. Society viewed a child with a disability a personal tragedy and it was left to the families to cope. This all began to change after World War II when many soldiers came home with acquired disabilities. Several Acts of Congress were put in place to give rights to those with disabilities. Most notably, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 2008 which gave individuals with disabilities full rights to participate in society and full access equally to education, work and transportation, just to name a few†¦show more content†¦et al). Developing programs in early education is necessary to develop acceptance and ultimately success for children with disabilities among their peer groups. The World Health Organization published a paper Early Childhood Development Disability which they state, â€Å"inclusive education is a process of strengthening the capacity of the education system to reach out to all learners – including those with disabilities. Inclusive pre-school and primary schooling offers children with disabilities a vital space to insure optimum development by providing opportunities for child-focused learning, play, participation, peer interaction and the development of friendships (WHO, 2012) Developing a program with the use of puppets appears to be a creative way to reach a young audience. â€Å"The effectiveness of using puppets in early childhood has been demonstrated in clinical areas as having the potential to create communication, increase involvement and change attitudes† (Remer Tzuriel). The program would be used to reach out to the ages of three years old to Grade 4 level. It is equally important to start with what the goal or mission of the program would be. This mission would most likel y encourage the inclusion of all children by facilitating group learning processes and placing a value on individual strengths for group success. The program would be divided out intoShow MoreRelatedMonitoring Safety Procedures And Regulations1106 Words   |  5 PagesHealthy, Learning environment. I will keep children safe by monitoring safety procedures and regulations, that are designed to protect the safety, health, education and welfare of children in the program. To ensure that children are safe, I need to develop a set of safety rules for students. effective reminders of safety rules are: posters, highlighted signs. I need to be a role model for following safety rules. I will supervise children all the time during indoor and outdoor activitiesRead More022 Sequence and Rate of Development3658 Words   |  15 PagesOutcome 1: Understand the Expected Pattern of Development for Children and Young People From Birth to 19 Years Explain the Difference Between Sequence of Development and Rate of Development and Why The Difference is Important. All children develop at different rates, information and sources are only guidelines. These help to monitor what children can and cant do at certain stages in their lives. It also helps to plan effectively to ensure the child gets the attention they need, in the areasRead MoreCommunication And Professional Relationships With Children2816 Words   |  12 PagesCommunication and professional relationships with children, young people and adults Why effective communication is important in building positive relationships Good communication is central to working with children. 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It is also the case in other areas such as communication as, for example, a baby recognise words before producing them. While these sequences of development are typical in all children, what can change between individual children is the speed or rate at which they develop. This means some babies will sit unsupported at 7 months, while others may take a couple of months longer. It is also interesting. When looking at an individual child’s developmentRead Moreunit 022 childcare4845 Words   |  20 Pages They still babble but within the babbling is the beginnings of their first words. A child at 18 months – The word toddler is often used as the children start to walk with a side to side movement. They start to move quickly and enjoy the freedom it gives them. They are keener to interact more and play with adults and are fascinated by other children of their own age and older like friends, brothers or sisters. 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Business Capstone Project Organizational Performance

Question: Discuss about the Business Capstone Project for Organizational Performance. Answer: Introduction (Research topic): Over the last decade, Staff turnover has been the challenging factors for the organization. Most of the organizations have been difficulties in executing business in an effective manner due to high employee turnover rate. Aarons et al. (2012) have stated that due to high competitiveness in the global market, every organization has been pressurizing their employees to enhance the high quality production within a short span of time. Consequently, employees leave their employment due to a huge workload. By analyzing a business report, it can be assessed that an average cost of single turnover in the US is approximate $3,500 to $25,000 (Long et al. 2012). With the involvement of the high turnover issue, the organization will decrease its performance. Consequently, the organization will experience lower profit margin in the business. On the other hand, effective leadership plays an integral part of the business. Without providing staff recognition and other monetary benefits, the organiza tion will not be able to reduce the high employee turnover rate (Garner et al. 2012). In this particular assignment, a brief methodology along with the different theoretical perspective will be provided in an effective manner. The research questions will be developed for investigating the research topic in a systematic way. In the research methodology section, different tools and techniques have been employed for accumulating data. For executing the research process within the timeline, a Gantt chart will be formed. Literature Review: Karantzas et al. (2012) have discussed that stuff turnover causes serious issues on the organizational performance, and it creates huge difficulties for the business expansion in the large demographic areas. On the other hand, Mowday, Porter and Steers (2013) have discussed that the staff turnover may be responsible for delaying to meet customers demand. Staff turnover personnel moves such as layoffs, firing, and promotions. However, in some cases, the staff turnover is limited due to unions involvement in the business. Park and Shaw (2013) have discussed the fact that every manager, supervisors, and business owners are required to understand the complexities of the staff turnover before making any managerial decision. It has been seen that an erroneous firing or promotion can cause decreased production level in the business. Consequently, it damages the effectiveness of the organizational performance. On the contrary, Jensen, Patel and Messersmith (2013) have argued that layoffs and firing are employed in the organization to diminish the wages and benefits payments. Staff turnover can be categorized into two sections including internal and external turnover. Internal staff turnover indicates the strategy of promoting current employees and bringing an entry-level employee for that particular post. On the other hand, the external staff turnover indicates that employees leave the organization for seeking new jobs. Aside this, staff turnover is executed in the organization based on either positive influence or negative influence. Aarons et al. (2012) have discussed that positive turnover suggests the new job opportunity due to the business expansion in the competitive market. On the contrary, the negative turnover indicates the contraction of the organizations finances due to the recession. Hence, it can be assessed that the positive turnover is beneficial for employees and the business itself, whereas the negative turnover indicates the critical situation for the existing employees of the business. There are several factors for employee turnover su ch as Employee expectations, Job person match, and Job person match, Individual employee, Staff recognition, and Job ownership, and Lack of supervision. Long et al. (2012) have agreed with the fact that the management often avoids considering employees feedback. Consequently, employees expectations are not met in the organization. On the other hand, the personality and skills of the employees need to match with the job profile so that they can deliver high quality production in the business. Garner et al. (2012) have discussed that huge demand for labor may cause the staff turnover in the business. Consequently, the management needs to provide adequate monetary benefits to the employees to stick with the organization. On the contrary, Karantzas et al. (2012) have highlighted the fact that the lack of employee recognition in the organization is responsible for increasing the turnover rate in the business. Sometimes, the small and medium organizations are unable to provide high-class training and development session to the employees. Consequently, lack of professional skills does not allow them to deliver enhanced quality work in the business. In the recent years, most of the organizations have been implementing new and innovative strategies in the business to reduce the employee turnover issue. The organization provides provision for free health care to the employees. Mowday, Porter and Steers (2013) have discussed that the work-life balance is one of the major factors that create challenges for an employee to deliver quality performance at the workplace. Hence, it can be assessed that the management needs to provide the flexible work life to the employees for reducing the staff turnover issue from the business. According to Park and Shaw (2013), any business can improve its capability to enhance the production by implementing the below provided five-step in managing staff turnover: P Provide positive work environment R Reward, recognition and reinforce the right approach I Involvement and engage D Development of skills and potentiality E Evaluate and measure It can be assessed that the staff turnover not only impedes the organizational performance but also create difficulties for achieving the goals and objective of the business. The particular chapter highlights the impact of employee turnover based on different perspectives of the authors. The probable solutions of staff turnover issues have been discussed through various theoretical approaches. Research Questions: The research questions are developed based on the research objectives. The research question facilitates in executing the research in an appropriate manner. On the other hand, the research questions help to identify the rationale of the topic. The research questions are provided below: What are the feasible factors of staff turnover in the organizations? How does the employee turnover affect the organizational performance? How does an organization reduce the staff turnover issues from the business within a short timeframe? How can the employees improve their individual performance within the business? Research methodologies and techniques: In the research methodology section, different techniques and tools have been utilized to investigate the research topic in an effective manner. in this particular research, both the primary and secondary data will be utilized. The primary data will consist of several statistical data, whereas the secondary data will facilitate in enhancing the knowledge and information on the topic generally, the secondary data will be utilized to increase the information of employee turnover in the literature review section (Panneerselvam 2014). The research design consists of three individual parts including explanatory, exploratory and descriptive design. With the involvement of the exploratory research design, different figures on the research topic can be evaluated (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015). Moreover, the exploratory research design identifies the nature of the research topic. On the other hand, the explanatory research design facilitates in explaining the existing data in an effective manner. The Descriptive research design is the most authenticate research design in the methodology, as it contributes an in-depth analysis of the topic (Neuman and Robson 2012). In this particular assignment, descriptive research design has been selected for evaluating the impacts of employee turnover on the organizational performance. With the involvement of the descriptive research design, the rationale and significance of the employee turnover can be evaluated in an effective manner. Figure 1: Research design (Source: Robson and McCartan 2016) The research approach can be divided into two parts including inductive and deductive approach. In this particular assignment, the deductive approach has been selected for investigating the research topic in an effective manner (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015). In deductive approach, a particular path needs to be followed that consists of four individual processes including theory, hypothesis, observation, and confirmation or the rejection (Pickard 2012). The deductive approach will facilitate in executing in identifying the impacts of the employee turnover on the organizational performance. Figure 2: Research approach (Source: Panneerselvam 2014) Gantt chart: The calculation is referred to the MS Excel Figure 3: Gantt chart (Source: Created by author) Research process: The research can be executed by following a particular process. At the initial stage of the process, the research area is identified for investigating. in the 2nd stage of the research process, aims, and objectives of the research are developed in an appropriate manner so that the research can highlight the rationale of the topic. Aside these, the research questions on the topic are formulated based on the research objectives. In the third stage of the research, a brief literature review on the employee turnover will be discussed. The literature review will consist of in-depth analysis on the research topic based on the different theoretical perspectives. The data gathering process will be executed in the 4th step of the research process. With the involvement of the data accumulation process, a huge amount of reliable data can be gathered. The particular research process will be concluded with the analysis of the collected data on the research topic. In the data analysis section, dif ferent statistical tools will be utilized for obtaining proper outcome of the research. Figure 4: Research process (Source: Miller et al. 2012) Data collection and data analysis: The data collection technique includes two processes such as primary and secondary data. A huge amount of reliable and valid data can be accumulated through primary method. On the other hand, the secondary data are collected from the books, journals, websites and other online sources. However, the secondary data reduces the data validation because most of the time the available data on the online platform are not updated from a long time (Robson and McCartan 2016). In this context, both primary and secondary data collection techniques will be utilized. The primary data facilitates in collecting the updated information on the staff turnover issues in the organization. Moreover, the primary data will indicate the current market statistics. On the other hand, the secondary data will be accumulated only for enhancing the information in the literature review section (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015). Employee turnover is a critical issue that creates challenges for the organization over t he past decade. Hence, the different theoretical approaches can be utilized for the secondary data. Figure 5: Data collection technique (Source: Pickard 2012) Data analysis includes two prime processes such as qualitative and quantitative techniques. In this particular assignment, both qualitative and quantitative process will be followed for gathering huge information on the research topic (Miller et al. 2012). In the quantitative technique, some of the potential employees of an organization will be selected for participating in the survey method. On the other hand, the available key professionals will be approached to take participate in the interview session. Quantitative analysis will highlight the issues of the employees in the organization, whereas the qualitative analysis will execute the in-depth analysis of the consequence of employee turnover on the organizational performance (Neuman and Robson 2012). By discussing the sampling technique, it can be assessed that the non-probability sampling technique would be the best possible solution for selecting the participants or respondents. In this context, the probability sampling technique will be avoided due to obtaining unbiased responses from the respondents and interviewees (Miller et al. 2012). For the purpose of data accumulation, the 100 employees of an organization will be selected along with 5 key professionals. In the particular research process, the small sample size will be taken for reducing the cost of the research project. The survey process will be conducted on the online platforms including Facebook, Skype, etc. On the other hand, the interview process will be conducted face to face. The interviewee will obtain 25-30 minutes for the discussion on the topic. In the survey questionnaires, the selected employees will be asked to highlight their issues at the workplace. The key professionals will be asked for highlighting th e impact of the high turnover rate on the business (Panneerselvam 2014). Figure 6: Data analysis (Source: Miller et al. 2012) Research outcomes: The research outcomes facilitate in evaluating the impacts of staff turnover on the business performance. Research outcome suggests a wide range of information and data on the employee turnover. In this assignment, the research outcomes deliver an in-depth discussion on the business risks due to the high employee turnover rate. On the other hand, the accumulated data will highlight the current business issues due to the employee or staff turnover. References: Aarons, G.A., Fettes, D.L., Sommerfeld, D.H. and Palinkas, L.A., 2012. Mixed methods for implementation research application to evidence-based practice implementation and staff turnover in community-based organizations providing child welfare services.Child maltreatment,17(1), pp.67-79. Garner, B.R., Hunter, B.D., Modisette, K.C., Ihnes, P.C. and Godley, S.H., 2012. Treatment staff turnover in organizations implementing evidence-based practices: Turnover rates and their association with client outcomes.Journal of substance abuse treatment,42(2), pp.134-142. Jensen, J.M., Patel, P.C. and Messersmith, J.G., 2013. High-performance work systems and job control consequences for anxiety, role overload, and turnover intentions.Journal of Management,39(6), pp.1699-1724. Karantzas, G.C., Mellor, D., McCabe, M.P., Davison, T.E., Beaton, P. and Mrkic, D., 2012. Intentions to quit work among care staff working in the aged care sector.The Gerontologist,52(4), pp.506-516. Long, C.S., Perumal, P. and Ajagbe, A.M., 2012. The impact of human resource management practices on employees turnover intention: A conceptual model.Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business,4(2), pp.629-641. Long, C.S., Thean, L.Y., Ismail, W.K.W. and Jusoh, A., 2012. Leadership styles and employees turnover intention: Exploratory study of academic staff in a Malaysian College.World Applied Sciences Journal,19(4), pp.575-581. Miller, T., Birch, M., Mauthner, M. and Jessop, J. eds., 2012.Ethics in qualitative research. Sage. Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W. and Steers, R.M., 2013.Employeeorganization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic press. Neuman, W.L. and Robson, K., 2012. Basics of social research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Panneerselvam, R., 2014.Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Park, T.Y. and Shaw, J.D., 2013. Turnover rates and organizational performance: A meta-analysis.Journal of Applied Psychology,98(2), p.268. Pickard, A., 2012.Research methods in information. Facet publishing Robson, C. and McCartan, K., 2016.Real world research. Wiley. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015.Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons.

Martin Luther Was A German Theologian And Religious Reformer, Who Star

Martin Luther was a German theologian and religious reformer, who started the Protestant Reformation, and whose vast influence during his time period made him one of the crucial figures in modern European history. Luther was born in Eisleben on November 10, 1483 and was descended from the peasantry, a fact that he often stressed. Hans Luther, his father, was a copper miner. Luther received a sound primary and secondary education at Mansfeld, Magdeburg, and Eisenach. In 1501, at the age of 17, he enrolled at the University of Erfurt, receiving a bachelor's degree in 1502 and a master's degree in 1505 . He then intended to study law, as his father had wished. In the summer of 1505, he abandoned his studies and his law plans, sold his books, and entered the Augustinian monastery in Erfurt. The decision surprised his friends and appalled his father. Later in his life, Luther explained his suprising decision by recollecting several brushes with death that had occurred at the time, making him aware of the fleeting character of life. In the monastery he observed the rules imposed on a novice but did not find the peace in God he had expected. Nevertheless, Luther made his profession as a monk in the fall of 1506, and his superiors selected him for the priesthood. Ordained in 1507, he approached his first celebration of the mass with awe. After his ordination, Luther was asked to study theology in order to become a professor at one of the many new German universities staffed by monks. In 1508 he was assigned by Johann von Staupitz, vicar-general of the Augustinians and a friend and counselor, to the new University of Wittenberg (founded in 1502) to give introductory lectures in moral philosophy. He received his bachelor's degree in theology in 1509 and returned to Erfurt, where he taught and studied. In November 1510, on behalf of seven Augustinian monasteries, he made a visit to Rome, where he performed the religious duties customary for a pious visitor and was shocked by the worldliness of the Roman clergy. Soon after resuming his duties in Erfurt, he was reassigned to Wittenberg and asked to study for the degree of doctor of theology. In 1512, after receiving his doctorate, he took over the chair of biblical theology which he held till his death. Although still uncertain of God's love and his own salvation, Luther was active as a preacher, teacher, and administrator. Sometime during his study of the New Testament in preparation for his lectures, he came to believe that Christians are saved not through their own efforts but by the gift of God's grace, which they accept in faith. Both the exact date and the location of this experience have been a matter of controversy among scholars, but the event was crucial in Luther's life, because it turned him decisively against some of the major tenets of the Catholic church. Luther became a public and controversial figure when he published his Ninety-Five Theses on October 31, 1517. His main purpose of wri ting the theses was to show his opposition for the corruption and wealth of the papacy and to state his belief that salvation would be granted on the basis of faith alone rather then by works. Although it is generally believed that Luther nailed these theses to the door of All Saints Church in Wittenberg, some scholars have questioned this story, which does not occur in any of his own writings. Regardless of the manner in which his propositions were made public, they caused great excitement and were immediately translated into German and widely distributed . Luther's spirited defense and further development of his position through public university debates in Wittenberg and other cities resulted in an investigation by the Roman Curia that led to the condemnation of his teachings and his excommunication. Summoned to appear before Charles V at the Diet of Worms in April 1521, he was asked before the assembled secular and ecclesiastical rulers to recant. He refused firmly, asserting th at he would have to be convinced by Scripture and clear reason in order to do so and that going against conscience is not safe for anyone. Condemned by the emperor,